Enlightened Free Thinking Nubian Kings And Queens

The Colfax Massacre occurred on April 13, 1873. The battle-turned-massacre took place in the small town of Colfax, Louisiana as a clash between blacks and whites. Three whites and an estimated 150 blacks died in the conflict. The massacre took place against the backdrop of racial tensions following the hotly contested Louisiana governor's race of 1872.  While the Republicans narrowly won the contest and retained control of the state, white Democrats, angry over the defeat, vowed revenge.  In Colfax Parish (county) as in other areas of the state, they organized a white militia to directly challenge the mostly black state militia under the control of the governor.   Colfax Parish reflected the political and racial divide in Louisiana.  Its 4,600 voters in the 1872 election were split between approximately 2,400 hundred mostly black Republican voters and 2,200 white Democratic voters.  One incident however, touched off the Colfax massacre.  On...

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was, in 1925, the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). In the 1920s and 1930s the Pullman Company was one of the largest single employers of blacks and had created an image for itself of enlightened benevolence via financial support for black churches, newspapers and other organizations. It also paid many porters well enough to enjoy the advantages of a middle-class lifestyle and prominence within their own communities. Working for the Pullman Company was, however, less glamorous in practice than it appeared. Porters depended on tips for much of their income and thus on the generosity of white passengers who often referred to all porters as "George", the first name of George Pullman, the company's founder.  Porters spent roughly ten percent of their time in unpaid "preparatory" and "terminal" set-up and clean-up duties, paid fo...

Black and Tan Republicans were African Americans in the Reconstruction-era South who were loyal to the Republican Party.  When the Republican Party was founded in 1854, few African Americans joined.  By the time of the election of Abraham Lincoln, the Party began to attract support from Northern blacks. That support continued to grow into the late 1860's as many Southern blacks, now voting, cast ballots for the Republicans. After the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution was passed in 1870, allowing most of the black males in the former Confederate states to vote,  the Republican Party (also known as the Grand Old Party or GOP) commanded the loyalty of an overwhelming majority of African Americans. Many of the newly enfranchised Southern black men now formed "Black and Tan" clubs, which along with similar organizations like the Union League, helped to institutionally tie these voters to the Republican Party.  Black Republican votes were also driven b...

(born  January 1, 1915 – July 12, 1998), was a  Pan-Africanist  writer, historian, professor, and a pioneer in the creation of  Africana studies  and professional institutions in academia starting in the late 1960's. He was born  John Henry Clark  on January 1, 1915, in  Union Springs, Alabama , the youngest child of  sharecroppers  John (Doctor) and Willie Ella (Mays) Clark (who died in 1922). With the hopes of earning enough money to buy land rather than sharecrop, his family moved to the nearest mill town,  Columbus, Georgia . Counter to his mother's wishes for him to become a farmer, Clarke left Georgia in 1933 by freight train and went to  Harlem, New York  as part of the  Great Migration  of rural blacks out of the South to northern cities. There he pursued scholarship and activism. He renamed himself as John Henrik (after rebel Norwegian  playwright   Henrik Ibsen ) and added an ...

Laws which were state and local segregation laws enacted from 1876-1965, were passed to separate blacks and whites in as many aspects of life as possible. Supposedly aimed at making separate but equal accommodations for both races. The reality was that blacks were often treated as inferiors and put at a disadvantage, ultimately making racism and discrimination systemic. White supremacist organizations began to form, including the Ku Klux Klan in 1867, with the specific intent of terrorizing the black community. Enabled by Jim Crow laws and widespread corruption, lynchings—the extrajudicial execution of black men, women, and children—were one of the horrific results of this systemic racism and discrimination legally.

During the period that Los Angeles was part of Mexico (1821-1840), blacks were fairly integrated into society at all levels. Mexico abolished slavery much earlier than the US, in 1820. In 1831, Emanuel Victoria served as California's first black governor. Alta, California's last governor, Pío de Jesus Pico, was also of mixed black ancestry. The US won the Mexican-American War and in 1850 California was admitted to the United States. Although one of America's so-called "free states," discriminatory legislation was quickly enacted to restrict and remove the civil rights of blacks, Chinese, and Native Americans. For example, blacks (and other minorities) couldn't testify in court against white people. Pío de Jesus Pico is one of California’s most remarkable historical figures. He witnessed, shaped and influenced nearly a century of California history in the 1800’s. Pío Pico was the governor of California in 1832 and again in 1846 before and during the ...

Blacks Can Not Be Racist Black People are not, in the Institutional Power Positions to Negatively Impact Whites, Asians or any other Ethnic Group, in Quality of Life matters. Whites systematically via government and private sector institutions Deny Black People as a Group, access to: 1) Equal Protection under the Law. Whites systematically deny Black People's 2) Right to Life A) a Black Man is Killed by Police every 28 hours B) Economic Terrorism systematically locks the Majority of Black People to Suffer in Sub-Standard Housing with little or no access to: a) upwardly mobile gainful employment. In these Detention Centers called Ghettos the White Power Structure systematically a) Gouges Black People's criminally low wages/resources by granting "free reign" to a Merciless Merchant Class (Arabs, Koreans, etc.) who routinely exploit Black People, by charging exorbitantly high prices for Sub-Standard goods and...

       Born in Eufaula, Alabama, Carrie Tuggle was the daughter of a Mohawk chief and former slave. Around the turn of the century, she moved to Birmingham, Alabama in search of a career.        She became a social worker and counseled delinquent boys, often appearing with them in court. At that time juveniles were tried in the same court as adults. Mrs. Tuggle saw the injustice of this situation and was instrumental in the formation of the Jefferson County Juvenile and Domestic Court.        In 1903, she formed the Tuggle Institute in Enon Ridge as a school and residence for homeless boys. From a modest start, the Institute became an important factor in the advancement of Blacks. Outstanding graduates from Tuggle include businessman Dr. A. G. Gaston, and musicians John J.("Fess")Whatley and Erskine Hawkins.        The Birmingham Board of Education purchased Toggle Institute in 1934 and later nam...

Despite its proximity to Africa and the Middle East, along with all the existing archaeological and genetic evidence, Hollywood has refused to acknowledge that ancient Rome was a melting pot. In fact, before being sacked by the invading Slavic and Germanic tribes from Northern Europe, the original inhabitants were a dark-skinned people called the Etruscans. Even after the Nordic invasion, Blacks were not systematically restricted to the lower classes of Roman society. On the  contrary, some became emperors, writers, philosophers, entertainers, generals and popes. African-born Roman Emperor Septimius Severus began ruling the Roman Empire around 193 A.D. There were at least four other Black emperors after him. Lusius Quietus, originally born a Berber prince, was one of Rome’s greatest African generals. Upon re-examining an ancient Roman skeleton buried in a stone sarcophagus with luxury imports including jewelry made of elephant ivory, a mirror and a blue glass perfume ...

In the 1840s, the self-educated Abraham Lincoln represented slave owner Robert Matson, who wanted to once again enslave a free, mixed-race woman. Lincoln lost the case, and Jane Bryant and her children were declared officially free. They later settled in Liberia. In 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd. Her family in Kentucky enslaved Black men and women. While serving as an elected representative in the Illinois legislature, Lincoln supported Zachary Taylor, a slave owner, in Taylor’s 1848 bid for the presidency. •One of Lincoln’s most representative public statements on the question of race relations was given in a speech in Springfield, Illinois, on June 26, 1857. In this address, he explained why he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which would have admitted Kansas into the Union as a slave state: ”There is a natural disgust in the minds of nearly all white people to the idea of indiscriminate amalgamation of the white and black races … A separation of the races is the only perfect ...

Despite its proximity to Africa and the Middle East, along with all the existing archaeological and genetic evidence, Hollywood has refused to acknowledge that ancient Rome was a melting pot. In fact, before being sacked by the invading Slavic and Germanic tribes from Northern Europe, the original inhabitants were a dark-skinned people called the Etruscans. Even after the Nordic invasion, Blacks were not systematically restricted to the lower classes of Roman society. On the  contrary, some became emperors, writers, philosophers, entertainers, generals and popes. African-born Roman Emperor Septimius Severus began ruling the Roman Empire around 193 A.D. There were at least four other Black emperors after him. Lusius Quietus, originally born a Berber prince, was one of Rome’s greatest African generals. Upon re-examining an ancient Roman skeleton buried in a stone sarcophagus with luxury imports including jewelry made of elephant ivory, a mirror and a blue glass perfume jar,...