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369th Infantry Regiment “Harlem Hellfighters”

First organized in 1916 as the 15th New York National Guard Infantry Regiment and manned by black enlisted soldiers with both black and white officers, the U.S. Army’s 369th Infantry Regiment, popularly known as the “Harlem Hellfighters,” was the best known African American unit of World War I. The regiment was nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters, the Black Rattlers, which was given to the regiment by the French. The nickname "Hell Fighters" was given to them by the Germans due to their toughness and that they never lost a man through capture, lost a trench or a foot of ground to the enemy. The "Harlem Hellfighters" were the first all black regiment that helped change the American public's opinion on African American soldiers and helped pave the way for future African American soldiers.  Federalized in 1917, the 369th prepared for service in Europe and arrived in Brest, France in December.  The next month, the regiment became part of the 93rd Division (Provisio...

Henri Caesar aka Black Caesar (1791-1830)

Black Caesar was allegedly a 19th-century  Haitian  revolutionary and pirate. Efforts to find historical evidence of his existence have been unsuccessful. According to works of fiction, he was a participant in the  Haitian Revolution  under  Dutty Boukman  and  Toussaint Louverture  as well as active in piracy for nearly a 30-year period during the early 19th century. Henri Caesar was allegedly born to a slave family kept by a French plantation owner known as Arnaut. He worked as a houseboy on the estate and, as a young man, worked in the lumberyard. He was apparently mistreated by the supervisor and later killed the man during the  slave insurrection , torturing him with a  saw . Joining the rebel forces led by Dutty Boukman  and  Toussaint Louverture , he remained with the revolution until its independence from  France  in 1804, when he left to try his luck at sea. Based in  Port-de-Paix , he captured ...

Jean-Baptiste-Point DuSable (1745-1818)

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable,  a frontier trader, trapper and farmer is regarded as the first permanent resident of what became Chicago, Illinois.  There is very little definite information on DuSable’s early years. He was born free around 1745 in St. Marc, Saint-Dominique (Haiti). His mother was an African slave, his father a French mariner. DuSable traveled with his father to France, where he embarked on a fruitful education. It was through this and the work that he performed for his father on his ships, that he learned several languages including French, Spanish, English, and many Indian dialects. DuSable arrived in New Orleans in 1765 whereupon he learned the colony had become a Spanish possession. Having lost his identification papers and been injured on the voyage to New Orleans, DuSable was almost enslaved. French Jesuit priests protected him until he was healthy enough to travel. DuSable migrated north, up the Mississippi river, later settling in an area near pre...

Dutty Boukman

(died November 1791)  Dutty Boukman  was a  Jamaican -born  Haitian  slave who was one of the most visible early leaders of the  Haitian Revolution . According to some contemporary accounts, Boukman may have conducted a religious ceremony in which a freedom covenant was affirmed;  this ceremony would have been a catalyst to the slave uprising that marked the beginning of the  Haïtian Revolution . Dutty Boukman may have been a self-educated slave born on the island of  Jamaica . Some sources indicate that he was later sold by his British master to a French  plantation  owner after he attempted to teach other Jamaican slaves to read, who put him to work as a  commandeur  (slave driver) and, later, a coach driver. His French name came from his English  nickname ,  "Book Man,"  which some scholars, despite accounts suggesting that he was a Vodou  houngan , have interpreted as meaning that he may have ...