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Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-1971)

Ralph Johnson Bunche, American political scientist, scholar, Nobel Prize winner, and diplomat.   Bunche was born on August 7, 1904 in Detroit, Michigan. His father Fred was a barber who owned a racially segregated barber shop that catered solely to white customers. His mother, Olive Agnes Johnson, was an amateur musician. Young Ralph spent his early years in Michigan. However, due to the relatively poor health of his mother, the family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico when he was ten years old. The family believed the dry climate of the region would be more conducive to his  mother's ’ health. Upon his mother's death, Ralph and his two sisters were resettled in Los Angeles, California where they joined their grandmother who raised them in a South Central neighborhood that was then predominantly white. It was during his teenage years in Los Angeles where Bunche proved to be a brilliant student. He excelled in all of his high school courses and graduated ...

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

"Father of the Exodus": Benjamin "Pap" Singleton (1809-1892) Benjamin Singleton was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Enslaved, Singleton was sold several times, b ut always managed to escape. Eventually, he fled to Canada, then settled in Detroit, Michigan, where he ran a boardinghouse that also sheltered black runaways. After the Civil War, Singleton returned to Tennessee and began organizing an effort to buy up Tennessee farmland for blacks; his plan failed because white landowners refused to sell at fair prices. Between 1877 and 1879, Singleton and his partner, Columbus Johnson, formed a company that helped hundreds of black Tennesseans move to Kansas. Those who moved to Kansas became known as "Exodusters." Singleton was described as the "Father of the Exodus." By 1879, some 50,000 blacks had fled to freedom in Kansas, Missouri, Indiana and Illinois, while thousands more had been turned back by whites patrolling the rivers and roads...