Enlightened Free Thinking Nubian Kings And Queens

The Colfax Massacre occurred on April 13, 1873. The battle-turned-massacre took place in the small town of Colfax, Louisiana as a clash between blacks and whites. Three whites and an estimated 150 blacks died in the conflict. The massacre took place against the backdrop of racial tensions following the hotly contested Louisiana governor's race of 1872.  While the Republicans narrowly won the contest and retained control of the state, white Democrats, angry over the defeat, vowed revenge.  In Colfax Parish (county) as in other areas of the state, they organized a white militia to directly challenge the mostly black state militia under the control of the governor.   Colfax Parish reflected the political and racial divide in Louisiana.  Its 4,600 voters in the 1872 election were split between approximately 2,400 hundred mostly black Republican voters and 2,200 white Democratic voters.  One incident however, touched off the Colfax massacre.  On...

During the period that Los Angeles was part of Mexico (1821-1840), blacks were fairly integrated into society at all levels. Mexico abolished slavery much earlier than the US, in 1820. In 1831, Emanuel Victoria served as California's first black governor. Alta, California's last governor, Pío de Jesus Pico, was also of mixed black ancestry. The US won the Mexican-American War and in 1850 California was admitted to the United States. Although one of America's so-called "free states," discriminatory legislation was quickly enacted to restrict and remove the civil rights of blacks, Chinese, and Native Americans. For example, blacks (and other minorities) couldn't testify in court against white people. Pío de Jesus Pico is one of California’s most remarkable historical figures. He witnessed, shaped and influenced nearly a century of California history in the 1800’s. Pío Pico was the governor of California in 1832 and again in 1846 before and during the ...

       Arthur M. Brown was born in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1867. His grandmother was one of that city's early public school teachers, and his parents made sure that he received a good education.        At age 24, Brown first opened his medical practice in Bessemer, Alabama, later moving to Cleveland, Ohio and Chicago, Illinois before establishing himself as a surgeon in Birmingham, Alabama in 1894. Dr. Brown was involved in a variety of civic activities, including service as chairman of the Alabama Prison Improvement Board. His wife, Nellie, also served her community as a case worker for the Children's Aid Society.        When the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, Brown organized a company of infantrymen and offered the group's service to the Alabama governor. Although his group was not activated, Brown was commissioned a First Lieutenant and served as a surgeon in Santiago, Cuba throughout the war.   ...