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The Black codes in the United States were any of numerous laws enacted in the states of the former Confederacy after the American Civil War, in 1865 and 1866; the laws were designed to replace the social controls of slavery that had been removed by the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and were thus intended to assure continuance of white supremacy. The black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect. The general philosophy supporting the institution of chattel slavery in America was based on the concept that slaves were property, not persons, and that the law must protect not only the property but also the property owner from the danger of violence. In the British possessions in the New World, the settlers were free to promulgate any regulations they saw fit to govern their labor supply. As early as the 17th century, a set of rules was in effect in Virginia and elsewhere; but the codes were constantly being a...

(1814? - December 13, 1875) He was an African-American  fugitive slave  from Virginia who escaped in 1850 and reached Boston. He is known for being freed from a courtroom in Boston after being captured by United States marshals under the  Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . White and black members of the  Boston Vigilance Committee  freed and hid him, helping him get to Canada via the  Underground Railroad . Minkins settled in  Montreal  where he raised a family. Two men were prosecuted in Boston for helping free him, but they were acquitted by the jury. Minkins was born into slavery about 1814 in  Norfolk, Virginia .  He escaped from slavery as a young man in 1850 and reached  Boston, Massachusetts , where he became a waiter.   Later that year, Congress enacted the   Fugitive Slave Law , which allowed federal agents to seize escaped slaves living in   free states   and return them to their owners. It required la...

In the 1840s, the self-educated Abraham Lincoln represented slave owner Robert Matson, who wanted to once again enslave a free, mixed-race woman. Lincoln lost the case, and Jane Bryant and her children were declared officially free. They later settled in Liberia. In 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd. Her family in Kentucky enslaved Black men and women. While serving as an elected representative in the Illinois legislature, Lincoln supported Zachary Taylor, a slave owner, in Taylor’s 1848 bid for the presidency. •One of Lincoln’s most representative public statements on the question of race relations was given in a speech in Springfield, Illinois, on June 26, 1857. In this address, he explained why he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which would have admitted Kansas into the Union as a slave state: ”There is a natural disgust in the minds of nearly all white people to the idea of indiscriminate amalgamation of the white and black races … A separation of the races is the only perfect ...